Present Perfect: acciones recientes y experiencias

Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto)

El Present Perfect es el puente entre pasado y presente. Habla de acciones pasadas que son relevantes AHORA.

Estructura: have/has + Past Participle

| Pronombre | Forma | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have + past participle | I have worked. (He trabajado) |
| he / she / it | has + past participle | She has seen. (Ha visto) |

Principales usos

1. Acciones recientes (que acaban de pasar)

• I have just finished my homework. (Acabo de terminar los deberes)
• She has just arrived. (Acaba de llegar)
• They have just left. (Acaban de irse)

Palabras clave: JUST (justo acababa de)

2. Experiencias en la vida (nunca, alguna vez, varias veces)

• I have been to Paris. (He estado en París — y he vuelto)
• She has never seen that movie. (Nunca ha visto esa película)
• They have traveled to many countries. (Han viajado a muchos países)
• Have you ever eaten sushi? (¿Has comido sushi alguna vez?)

Palabras clave:

• ever (alguna vez): Have you ever...?
• never (nunca): I have never...
• before (antes): I haven't seen it before. (No lo he visto antes)

3. Acciones que COMENZARON en el pasado y CONTINÚAN ahora

• I have lived in Madrid for 5 years. (Llevo 5 años viviendo en Madrid — y sigo aquí)
• She has worked here since 2015. (Ha trabajado aquí desde 2015 — y sigue)
• They have been friends for 10 years. (Son amigos desde hace 10 años)

Palabras clave:

• FOR (durante un período): for 5 years, for 2 hours, for a long time
• SINCE (desde un momento exacto): since 2020, since January, since I was 5

💡 FOR vs SINCE:

• I have lived here for 5 years. (han pasado 5 años desde que llegué)
• I have lived here since 2020. (empecé a vivir aquí en 2020)

4. Cambios recientes (se nota ahora)

• The weather has improved. (El tiempo ha mejorado — ahora es mejor)
• He has lost weight. (Ha perdido peso — se ve más delgado)
• Prices have gone up. (Los precios han subido)

Forma NEGATIVA

| Pronombre | Forma | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have not / haven't + past participle | I haven't worked. (No he trabajado) |
| he / she / it | has not / hasn't + past participle | She hasn't seen. (No ha visto) |

Ejemplos:

• I haven't finished yet. (No he terminado todavía)
• She hasn't arrived. (Ella no ha llegado)
• They haven't started. (No han comenzado)

Forma INTERROGATIVA

| Pregunta | Respuesta afirmativa | Respuesta negativa |
|---|---|---|
| Have you finished? | Yes, I have. | No, I haven't. |
| Has she arrived? | Yes, she has. | No, she hasn't. |
| Have they seen it? | Yes, they have. | No, they haven't. |

Past Participles (participios pasados)

Necesitas estos para hacer Present Perfect:

Regulares (+ -ED):

• work → worked
• play → played
• study → studied

Irregulares (memorizarlos):

• be → been
• go → gone
• see → seen
• do → done
• make → made
• have → had
• eat → eaten
• drink → drunk
• write → written
• speak → spoken

📋 Tabla completa: Consulta la herramienta "Verbos irregulares".

Palabras clave del Present Perfect

| Palabra | Función | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| just | hace poco | I have just arrived. |
| already | antes de lo esperado | She has already left. |
| yet | en preguntas/negativos | Have you finished yet? |
| never | nunca | I have never been. |
| ever | alguna vez | Have you ever...? |
| for | durante un período | for 3 years |
| since | desde un momento exacto | since 2020 |

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

CRÍTICO PARA EL EXAMEN:

| PRESENT PERFECT | PAST SIMPLE |
|---|---|
| Pasado reciente o experiencia relevante AHORA | Pasado completado en un tiempo específico |
| I have worked here. (¿Cuánto tiempo? No importa, estoy aquí) | I worked there in 2015. (Pasado, ya no) |
| She has broken her leg. (Sigue afectándola) | She broke her leg last month. (Tiempo específico) |
| No dice CUÁNDO | Dice CUÁNDO: yesterday, last year, in 2015 |
| Have you seen John? (¿Alguna vez?) | Did you see John yesterday? (Momento específico) |
| I haven't finished yet. (Sigue en proceso) | I didn't finish. (Ya no importa si termino) |

Errores típicos del examen

❌ Incorrecto → ✅ Correcto

• I have went. → I have gone.
• She has seen yesterday. → She saw yesterday. (¡con tiempo específico → Past Simple!)
• Have you ever lived in Madrid? → Have you ever lived in Madrid? ✓
• I have worked for 5 years ago. → I have worked for 5 years. o I worked 5 years ago.
• They has finished. → They have finished.

Practica con estas frases

1. Traduce: "He estado en París"
   Respuesta: I have been to Paris.

2. Elige: Present Perfect o Past Simple?

   • "She has worked / worked here for 3 years."
     Respuesta: has worked (continúa aquí)

3. Elige: Present Perfect o Past Simple?

   • "He has broken / broke his arm yesterday."
     Respuesta: broke (con "yesterday" → Past Simple)

4. Completa: "I have never ___ sushi."
   Respuesta: eaten (I have never eaten sushi)