Conectores y Linkers para Writing
Conectores en inglés (Linking words / Connectors)
Los conectores unen ideas y párrafos. Son CRÍTICOS para el writing del examen. Sin ellos, pierdes coherencia y baja la nota.
Clasificación de conectores por función
1. ADICIÓN (Adding ideas)
Añaden información nueva o similar.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| and | y | Technology is useful and necessary. |
| also | también | She speaks English also. |
| besides | además | Besides, the cost is low. |
| furthermore | además (más formal) | Furthermore, it improves communication. |
| moreover | además (más formal) | Moreover, research proves this. |
| in addition | en adición | In addition, safety is guaranteed. |
| additionally | adicionalmente | Additionally, users report satisfaction. |
| as well as | así como | Technology as well as education matters. |
| too | también | Health is important too. |
| what's more | además (coloquial) | What's more, it's affordable. |
Uso en párrafos:
"Technology improves communication. Furthermore, it saves time. Moreover, it reduces costs."
2. CONTRASTE (Contrasting ideas)
Muestran contradicción u oposición.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| but | pero | It's useful but expensive. |
| however | sin embargo | However, some people disagree. |
| on the other hand | por otro lado | On the other hand, risks exist. |
| although / though | aunque | Although it has benefits, problems remain. |
| while | mientras / aunque | While progress is good, caution is needed. |
| despite | a pesar de | Despite advantages, costs are high. |
| in contrast | en contraste | In contrast, traditional methods are slower. |
| on the contrary | por el contrario | On the contrary, it's beneficial. |
| otherwise | de otro modo | Study hard; otherwise, you'll fail. |
| yet | sin embargo | It's difficult yet rewarding. |
Uso en composiciones (tema con dos lados):
"Technology brings many benefits. However, it also creates problems. Despite its advantages, we must be careful."
3. CAUSA (Giving reasons)
Explican por qué sucede algo.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| because | porque | I study hard because I want to pass. |
| since | como / ya que | Since you're late, we'll start without you. |
| as | como / puesto que | As the sun is shining, let's go out. |
| due to | debido a | Due to the rain, the match was cancelled. |
| because of | por / a causa de | Because of traffic, I was late. |
| for | porque (formal) | It's important for our future. |
| caused by | causado por | The accident was caused by carelessness. |
Nota sobre "for" vs "because":
- "I don't go because it's raining" = razón
- "I don't go for that reason" = motivo (más formal)
4. CONSECUENCIA (Showing results)
Muestran lo que sucede como resultado.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| so | así que / entonces | I studied hard so I passed. |
| therefore | por lo tanto (formal) | Therefore, the conclusion is clear. |
| thus | así (muy formal) | Thus, we can conclude. |
| as a result | como resultado | As a result, unemployment decreased. |
| consequently | en consecuencia (formal) | Consequently, prices rose. |
| as a consequence | como consecuencia | As a consequence, crime increased. |
| for this reason | por esta razón | For this reason, we must act. |
| that's why | por eso (coloquial) | That's why I left early. |
Uso:
"Climate change is serious. Therefore, governments must act. As a result, companies are investing in renewable energy."
5. COMPARACIÓN (Comparing)
Muestran similitudes.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| like | como | Like many students, I struggle with math. |
| similar to | similar a | This method is similar to the previous one. |
| in the same way | de la misma manera | In the same way, education is crucial. |
| likewise | igualmente (formal) | Likewise, exercise improves mental health. |
| similarly | similarmente | Similarly, this applies to technology. |
| as ... as | tan ... como | This is as important as health. |
6. EJEMPLOS (Giving examples)
Introducen ejemplos concretos.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| for example | por ejemplo | Many sports are popular, for example, football and tennis. |
| for instance | por ejemplo | For instance, Spain has beautiful beaches. |
| such as | tales como | Countries such as France and Italy are visited. |
| like | como | Fruits like apples and oranges are healthy. |
| in particular | en particular | I like many sports, in particular, swimming. |
| to illustrate | para ilustrar | To illustrate, consider the following... |
Uso en writing:
"Technology has many uses. For example, smartphones connect people. For instance, social media allows instant communication."
7. ÉNFASIS (Emphasis)
Resaltan ideas importantes.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| certainly | ciertamente | Certainly, this is crucial. |
| obviously | obviamente | Obviously, education matters. |
| clearly | claramente | Clearly, the problem exists. |
| undoubtedly | indudablemente (formal) | Undoubtedly, progress is necessary. |
| indeed | de hecho | Indeed, research confirms this. |
| in fact | de hecho | In fact, most people agree. |
| actually | en realidad | Actually, I disagree. |
8. RESUMEN Y CONCLUSIÓN (Concluding)
Cierran argumentos y essays.
| Conector | Significado | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| in conclusion | en conclusión | In conclusion, technology is essential. |
| to conclude | para concluir | To conclude, we must act now. |
| in summary | en resumen | In summary, both options have merit. |
| to sum up | resumiendo | To sum up, balance is key. |
| finally | finalmente | Finally, I must mention... |
| in short | en resumen | In short, the answer is yes. |
| ultimately | en última instancia (formal) | Ultimately, education wins. |
| after all | después de todo | After all, we tried our best. |
Uso en conclusión de essay:
"Technology brings benefits and risks. In conclusion, we must use it wisely. To sum up, balance and education are essential."
Estructura: Dónde colocar conectores
Conectores al inicio de frase
Pausa después (coma recomendada):
"Furthermore, technology improves lives."
"However, problems exist."
Conectores en medio de frase
"However", "therefore", "consequently" van entre comas:
"Technology, however, can be harmful."
"Education is vital, therefore, governments invest in it."
Conectores sin pausa
"and", "but", "because", "so" no necesitan coma (aunque es opcional):
"I work hard and succeed."
"I stayed home because it rained."
Errores típicos en el examen
❌ Incorrecto → ✅ Correcto
-
"Technology is useful. But it is expensive." → "Technology is useful. However, it is expensive."
(No empieces frase con "but" en writing formal) -
"I like sports and also music." → "I like sports and music." o "I like sports. Moreover, I like music."
(No combines "and" + "also" en la misma frase) -
"The weather was bad, so the game cancelled." → "The weather was bad, so the game was cancelled."
(Asegúrate de que ambos lados de "so" sean oraciones completas) -
"I agree with this opinion because of many reasons." → "I agree for several reasons." o "For example,..."
(Sé específico, no genérico) -
"First, second, I like technology." → "First, I like the speed. Second, it's affordable."
(Si usas numeradores, sé consistente y específico)
Checklist para connecting words
Al escribir tu composición:
- [ ] ¿Tengo al menos 3 conectores?
- [ ] ¿Están correctamente posicionados?
- [ ] ¿Varío entre conectores diferentes (no repito "and" 5 veces)?
- [ ] ¿Mis conectores sirven para la lógica (no fuerzo un "however" que no va)?
- [ ] ¿Tengo un "In conclusion" en el último párrafo?
- [ ] ¿Separé párrafos con conectores claros?
Recursos
Descargables:
- Tabla de conectores: https://www.englishclub.com/writing/linkers.php
- Quiz interactivo: https://www.englishpage.com/minitests/
- Ejercicios de práctica: https://www.britishcouncil.org/
Modelo de escritura con conectores:
"Smartphones have changed modern life. Firstly, they enable instant communication with anyone worldwide. Furthermore, they provide access to information through the internet. However, excessive use causes addiction and sleep problems.
In contrast, smartphones improve productivity. Business people can work from any location, and families stay connected despite distances.
To conclude, while smartphones bring significant benefits, we must use them responsibly. In summary, balance is the key to enjoying technology without harm."
(Contiene: Firstly, Furthermore, However, In contrast, and, while, To conclude, In summary)